javascript oop、instanceof 和基类

问题描述

I am designing some class hierarchy in JavaScript. It works fine so far, but I can't see how to determine if an object is an "instance" of a parent class. Example:

function BaseObject(name){
    this.name = name;

    this.sayWhoAmI = function(){
        console.log(this.name + ' is a Derivation1 : ' + (this instanceof Derivation1));
        console.log(this.name + ' is a Derivation2 : ' + (this instanceof Derivation2));
        console.log(this.name + ' is a BaseObject : ' + (this instanceof BaseObject));
    };
}
function Derivation1(){
    BaseObject.apply(this, ['first derivation']);
}
function Derivation2(){
    BaseObject.apply(this, ['second derivation']);
}

var first = new Derivation1();
var second = new Derivation2();

first.sayWhoAmI(); logs this:

first derivation is a Derivation1 : true
first derivation is a Derivation2 : false
first derivation is a BaseObject : false

while second.sayWhoAmI(); logs this :

second derivation is a Derivation1 : false
second derivation is a Derivation2 : true
second derivation is a BaseObject : false

I feel like both first and second object should have say that they are instances of BaseObject.

I understand that JavaScript may not be made for this, but I wonder if there's a way to achieve that.

Only calling Base.apply(...) does not setup inheritance. All that .apply does is setting this to the first argument, nothing else. It is important to call the parent constructor, but it is not sufficient.

What you have to do is setting up the prototype chain properly. That is, you have to set Derivation1.prototype to something that inherits from Base.prototype.

Since each instance of a constructor function inherits from the constructor functions's prototype, you will see code such as

Derivation1.prototype = new Base();

This is a bad idea and you can already see why: Base expects arguments to set up instance specific properties (name in this case). But we don't care about these properties, since we are initialising them later in the child constructor with Base.apply(this, ...).

So all we need is an object inheriting from Base.prototype and luckily, ECMASCript 5 defines a function which can do that for us (polyfill):

 Derivation1.prototype = Object.create(Base.prototype);

This creates a new object inheriting from Base.prototype. Now, since you replaced the original prototype with a new object, you have to set the constructor property so that it points correctly to Derivation1:

Derivation1.prototype.constructor = Derivation1;

Below is a complete example. Also have a look at this fiddle and this excellent answer by T.J. Crowder, which explains basically the same issues, but maybe in a better way.

Example:

function BaseObject(name){
    this.name = name;
}

// move properties shared by all instances to the prototype!
BaseObject.prototype.sayWhoAmI = function() {
    console.log(this.name + ' is a Derivation1 : ' + (this instanceof Derivation1));
    console.log(this.name + ' is a Derivation2 : ' + (this instanceof Derivation2));
    console.log(this.name + ' is a BaseObject : ' + (this instanceof BaseObject));
};

function Derivation1(){
    BaseObject.apply(this, ['first derivation']);
}

Derivation1.prototype = Object.create(BaseObject.prototype);
Derivation1.prototype.constructor = Derivation1;

// some useless method of the child "class"
Derivation1.prototype.someOtherMethod = function() {
    return 42;
};

var first = new Derivation1();
first.sayWhoAmI();

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